User guide

For signatures and return types, use the API reference.

Create, inspect, and measure

• Geometry & dimensions — construct the seven geometry families, inspect coordinates, and work with XY/XYZ/XYM/XYZM values.

• CRS, units & measurement — declare or transform a frame, choose the metric, and handle antimeridian and epoch rules.

Query and transform

• Spatial predicates — choose boundary-aware relationships such as contains, covers, and within.

• Constructive operations — buffer, overlay, simplify, split, and derive new geometry.

• Spatial indexing & joins — retrieve bbox candidates, refine with an exact predicate, find nearest features, or make many-to-many joins.

• Grids & geocodes — assign H3/S2/geohash/tile keys, select a cell_rule, aggregate by cell, then refine against source geometry.
• Choosing the right tool — compare predicates, prepare versus index versus join, clipping, vertex cleanup, and polygonal coverages.

Work with datasets

• Validation & repair — inspect invalid geometry, repair it, and choose a precision or cleanup operation.

• Arrays & performance — use packed arrays, pairwise broadcasting, ragged results, and bulk ingestion.

• Ecosystem & interoperability — choose NumPy, Arrow, dataframe, or text/binary interchange boundaries.