Source: https://gometry.monicz.dev/api/toplevel/constructors-bulk-factories/

# Constructors & bulk factories

Construct geometry values and packed coordinate columns.

**Related:** [Geometry types](https://gometry.monicz.dev/api/geometry/geometry-types/)

## box

Accepted call forms

```python
box(minx: FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray, miny: FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray, maxx: FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray, maxy: FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray, *, crs: None = None, ccw: bool = True, epoch: SupportsFloat | SupportsIndex | FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray | None = None) -> Polygon
```

```python
box(minx: FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray, miny: FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray, maxx: FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray, maxy: FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray, *, crs: CrsInput, ccw: bool = True, epoch: SupportsFloat | SupportsIndex | FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray | None = None) -> Polygon | MultiPolygon
```

```python
box(minx: FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray, miny: FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray, maxx: FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray, maxy: FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray, *, crs: CrsInput | None, ccw: bool = True, epoch: SupportsFloat | SupportsIndex | FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray | None = None) -> Polygon | MultiPolygon
```

Create a rectangular polygon from bounds `(minx, miny, maxx, maxy)`.

Parameters:

| Name | Type | Description | Default |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| `minx` | `float` | Finite rectangle bounds. With a geographic CRS, `minx > maxx` selects the interval crossing the frame's longitude seam. | *required* |
| `miny` | `float` | Finite rectangle bounds. With a geographic CRS, `minx > maxx` selects the interval crossing the frame's longitude seam. | *required* |
| `maxx` | `float` | Finite rectangle bounds. With a geographic CRS, `minx > maxx` selects the interval crossing the frame's longitude seam. | *required* |
| `maxy` | `float` | Finite rectangle bounds. With a geographic CRS, `minx > maxx` selects the interval crossing the frame's longitude seam. | *required* |
| `crs` | `CRS - like` | CRS label (EPSG code, authority string, or WKT); attached as metadata, coordinates are not transformed. With a geographic CRS, bounds within the frame's native longitude and latitude ranges use chart edges along parallels and meridians. A seam-crossing interval returns a `MultiPolygon`; `(-half_period, half_period)` selects the full longitude band. Ordered bounds outside those ranges retain the corner-only, unwrapped construction. | *required* |
| `ccw` | `bool` | If `True` the ring is counter-clockwise; `False` makes it clockwise. | `True` |
| `epoch` | `numeric scalar or 0-D numeric array` | Coordinate epoch (decimal year) for time-dependent frames. | `None` |

Returns:

| Type | Description |
| --- | --- |
| `Polygon \| MultiPolygon` | A rectangular polygon, or a MultiPolygon for a seam-crossing interval. |

Raises:

| Type | Description |
| --- | --- |
| `InvalidGeometryError` | If a bound is non-finite or south exceeds north. |
| `CRSError` | If `epoch` is set without `crs`. |
| `GeometryError` | If `epoch` is invalid, bounds are unordered outside a valid geographic seam crossing, or seam-crossing bounds lie outside their CRS frame. |

Examples:

```pycon
>>> import gometry as gm
>>> gm.box(0, 0, 2, 1).to_wkt()
'POLYGON ((0 0, 2 0, 2 1, 0 1, 0 0))'
>>> gm.box(0, 0, 2, 1, ccw=False).to_wkt()
'POLYGON ((0 0, 0 1, 2 1, 2 0, 0 0))'
>>> gm.box(170, -10, -170, 10, crs=4326).bounds
(170.0, -10.0, -170.0, 10.0)
```

## boxes

Accepted call forms

```python
boxes(minx: FloatInput, miny: FloatInput, maxx: FloatInput, maxy: FloatInput, *, crs: None = None, ccw: bool = True, epoch: SupportsFloat | SupportsIndex | FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray | None = None) -> GeometryArray[Polygon]
```

```python
boxes(minx: FloatInput, miny: FloatInput, maxx: FloatInput, maxy: FloatInput, *, crs: CrsInput, ccw: bool = True, epoch: SupportsFloat | SupportsIndex | FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray | None = None) -> GeometryArray[Polygon | MultiPolygon]
```

```python
boxes(minx: FloatInput, miny: FloatInput, maxx: FloatInput, maxy: FloatInput, *, crs: CrsInput | None, ccw: bool = True, epoch: SupportsFloat | SupportsIndex | FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray | None = None) -> GeometryArray[Polygon | MultiPolygon]
```

Create a `GeometryArray` of rectangular polygons from bound columns.

Parameters:

| Name | Type | Description | Default |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| `minx` | `float or sequence of float` | Rectangle bounds per row. Scalars broadcast numpy-style; four scalar bounds produce a one-row array. | *required* |
| `miny` | `float or sequence of float` | Rectangle bounds per row. Scalars broadcast numpy-style; four scalar bounds produce a one-row array. | *required* |
| `maxx` | `float or sequence of float` | Rectangle bounds per row. Scalars broadcast numpy-style; four scalar bounds produce a one-row array. | *required* |
| `maxy` | `float or sequence of float` | Rectangle bounds per row. Scalars broadcast numpy-style; four scalar bounds produce a one-row array. | *required* |
| `crs` | `CRS - like` | CRS applied to every box. Geographic rows follow the same native-range chart-edge and corner-only unwrapped rules as `box`; west > east selects a seam-crossing interval. | *required* |
| `ccw` | `bool` | If `True` each ring is counter-clockwise; `False` makes it clockwise. | `True` |
| `epoch` | `numeric scalar or 0-D numeric array` | Coordinate epoch (decimal year) for time-dependent frames. | `None` |

Returns:

| Type | Description |
| --- | --- |
| `GeometryArray` | One `Polygon` or `MultiPolygon` per bound tuple. |

Raises:

| Type | Description |
| --- | --- |
| `InvalidGeometryError` | If a bound is non-finite or south exceeds north in any row. |
| `CRSError` | If `epoch` is set without `crs`. |
| `GeometryError` | If `epoch` is invalid, bounds are unordered outside a valid geographic seam crossing, or seam-crossing bounds lie outside their CRS frame. |

Examples:

```pycon
>>> import gometry as gm
>>> gm.boxes(0, 0, [1, 2], [1, 2]).to_wkt()
['POLYGON ((0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0 1, 0 0))', 'POLYGON ((0 0, 2 0, 2 2, 0 2, 0 0))']
>>> gm.boxes([170], [-10], [-170], [10], crs=4326)[0].bounds
(170.0, -10.0, -170.0, 10.0)
```

## points

Accepted call forms

```python
points(x: Iterable[Iterable[float]] | Coordinates | Iterable[Point], y: None = None, *, z: FloatInput | None = None, m: FloatInput | None = None, crs: CrsInput | None = None, epoch: SupportsFloat | SupportsIndex | FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray | None = None) -> GeometryArray[Point]
```

```python
points(x: FloatInput, y: FloatInput, *, z: FloatInput | None = None, m: FloatInput | None = None, crs: CrsInput | None = None, epoch: SupportsFloat | SupportsIndex | FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray | None = None) -> GeometryArray[Point]
```

Create a `GeometryArray` of points from parallel coordinate columns.

Pass either coordinate rows or separate `x`/`y` columns. Separate
columns keep axis order explicit and accept scalars that broadcast across
rows; when both are scalars, the result contains one point.

Parameters:

| Name | Type | Description | Default |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| `x` | `coordinate rows or float or sequence of float` | Coordinate rows as `(x, y[, z[, m]])` values, or the X column. | *required* |
| `y` | `float or sequence of float` | Y column when `x` is an X column. Omit it when `x` contains rows. | *required* |
| `z` | `float or sequence of float` | Z and M ordinates, broadcast like `x`/`y`. | `None` |
| `m` | `float or sequence of float` | Z and M ordinates, broadcast like `x`/`y`. | `None` |
| `crs` | `CRS - like` | CRS label (EPSG code, authority string, or WKT); attached as metadata, coordinates are not transformed. | `None` |
| `epoch` | `numeric scalar or 0-D numeric array` | Coordinate epoch (decimal year) for time-dependent frames. | `None` |

Returns:

| Type | Description |
| --- | --- |
| `GeometryArray` | One Point per coordinate. |

Raises:

| Type | Description |
| --- | --- |
| `InvalidGeometryError` | If columns differ in length or are non-finite. |
| `CRSError` | If `epoch` is set without `crs`, or `crs` is not recognized. |
| `GeometryError` | If `epoch` is invalid. |

See Also

[Point](https://gometry.monicz.dev/api/geometry/geometry-types/#gometry.Point "Point") : Build a single point.

Examples:

```pycon
>>> import gometry as gm
>>> gm.points([0, 1], [0, 1]).to_wkt()
['POINT (0 0)', 'POINT (1 1)']
>>> gm.points(1, 2).to_wkt()
['POINT (1 2)']
>>> gm.points([(1, 2), (3, 4)]).to_wkt()
['POINT (1 2)', 'POINT (3 4)']
```

## line\_strings

```python
line_strings(values: Iterable[LineString | (Iterable[Iterable[float]] | Coordinates)], *, crs: CrsInput | None = None, epoch: SupportsFloat | SupportsIndex | FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray | None = None) -> GeometryArray[LineString]
```

Create a `GeometryArray` of linestrings from coordinate rows or Linestrings.

Parameters:

| Name | Type | Description | Default |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| `values` | `sequence` | Each member is a `LineString` or a raw coordinate sequence accepted by `LineString`. | *required* |
| `crs` | `CRS - like` | CRS applied to every linestring. | `None` |
| `epoch` | `numeric scalar or 0-D numeric array` | Coordinate epoch (decimal year) for time-dependent frames. | `None` |

Returns:

| Type | Description |
| --- | --- |
| `GeometryArray` | One `LineString` per input sequence. |

Raises:

| Type | Description |
| --- | --- |
| `InvalidGeometryError` | If a member line has fewer than two vertices or non-finite coordinates. |
| `TypeError` | If a geometry row is not a `LineString`. |
| `CRSError` | If `epoch` is set without `crs`, or `crs` is not recognized. |
| `CRSMismatchError` | If geometry rows do not share a CRS or coordinate epoch. |
| `GeometryError` | If `epoch` is not a finite decimal year. |

Examples:

```pycon
>>> import gometry as gm
>>> lines = gm.line_strings([[(0, 0), (1, 1)], [(2, 2), (3, 3)]])
>>> len(lines)
2
```

## polygons

```python
polygons(values: Iterable[Polygon | (Iterable[Iterable[float]] | Coordinates) | Iterable[Iterable[Iterable[float]] | Coordinates]], *, crs: CrsInput | None = None, epoch: SupportsFloat | SupportsIndex | FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray | None = None) -> GeometryArray[Polygon]
```

Create a `GeometryArray` of polygons from raw coordinates or Polygons.

Parameters:

| Name | Type | Description | Default |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| `values` | `sequence` | Each member is a `Polygon`, a raw shell coordinate sequence, or `[shell, *holes]`. | *required* |
| `crs` | `CRS - like` | CRS applied to every polygon. | `None` |
| `epoch` | `numeric scalar or 0-D numeric array` | Coordinate epoch (decimal year) for time-dependent frames. | `None` |

Returns:

| Type | Description |
| --- | --- |
| `GeometryArray` | One `Polygon` per input. |

Raises:

| Type | Description |
| --- | --- |
| `InvalidGeometryError` | If a ring has fewer than three corners or non-finite coordinates. |
| `TypeError` | If a geometry row is not a `Polygon`. |
| `CRSError` | If `epoch` is set without `crs`, or `crs` is not recognized. |
| `CRSMismatchError` | If geometry rows do not share a CRS or coordinate epoch. |
| `GeometryError` | If `epoch` is not a finite decimal year. |

Examples:

```pycon
>>> import gometry as gm
>>> polys = gm.polygons([[(0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1)]])
>>> len(polys)
1
```

## multi\_points

```python
multi_points(values: Iterable[MultiPoint | Iterable[Point | Iterable[float]] | (Iterable[Iterable[float]] | Coordinates)], *, crs: CrsInput | None = None, epoch: SupportsFloat | SupportsIndex | FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray | None = None) -> GeometryArray[MultiPoint]
```

Create a `GeometryArray` of multipoints from per-row inputs.

Parameters:

| Name | Type | Description | Default |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| `values` | `sequence` | Each member is a `MultiPoint` or input accepted by `MultiPoint`, including `Point` members and raw coordinate values. | *required* |
| `crs` | `CRS - like` | CRS applied to every multipoint. | `None` |
| `epoch` | `numeric scalar or 0-D numeric array` | Coordinate epoch (decimal year) for time-dependent frames. | `None` |

Returns:

| Type | Description |
| --- | --- |
| `GeometryArray` | One `MultiPoint` per input. |

Raises:

| Type | Description |
| --- | --- |
| `InvalidGeometryError` | If any coordinate is non-finite or has mixed dimensionality. |
| `TypeError` | If a geometry row is not a `MultiPoint`, or a member is not a `Point`. |
| `CRSError` | If `epoch` is set without `crs`, or `crs` is not recognized. |
| `CRSMismatchError` | If geometry rows or multipart members do not share a CRS or epoch. |
| `GeometryError` | If `epoch` is not a finite decimal year. |

Examples:

```pycon
>>> import gometry as gm
>>> gm.multi_points([[(0, 0), (1, 1)]]).to_wkt()
['MULTIPOINT ((0 0), (1 1))']
```

## multi\_line\_strings

```python
multi_line_strings(values: Iterable[MultiLineString | Iterable[LineString | (Iterable[Iterable[float]] | Coordinates)]], *, crs: CrsInput | None = None, epoch: SupportsFloat | SupportsIndex | FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray | None = None) -> GeometryArray[MultiLineString]
```

Create a `GeometryArray` of multilinestrings from per-row inputs.

Parameters:

| Name | Type | Description | Default |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| `values` | `sequence` | Each member is a `MultiLineString` or input accepted by `MultiLineString`, including `LineString` members. | *required* |
| `crs` | `CRS - like` | CRS applied to every multilinestring. | `None` |
| `epoch` | `numeric scalar or 0-D numeric array` | Coordinate epoch (decimal year) for time-dependent frames. | `None` |

Returns:

| Type | Description |
| --- | --- |
| `GeometryArray` | One `MultiLineString` per input. |

Raises:

| Type | Description |
| --- | --- |
| `InvalidGeometryError` | If a member line has fewer than two vertices or non-finite coordinates. |
| `TypeError` | If a geometry row is not a `MultiLineString`, or a member is not a `LineString`. |
| `CRSError` | If `epoch` is set without `crs`, or `crs` is not recognized. |
| `CRSMismatchError` | If geometry rows or multipart members do not share a CRS or epoch. |
| `GeometryError` | If `epoch` is not a finite decimal year. |

Examples:

```pycon
>>> import gometry as gm
>>> gm.multi_line_strings([[[(0, 0), (1, 1)]]]).to_wkt()
['MULTILINESTRING ((0 0, 1 1))']
```

## multi\_polygons

```python
multi_polygons(values: Iterable[MultiPolygon | Iterable[Polygon | (Iterable[Iterable[float]] | Coordinates) | Iterable[Iterable[Iterable[float]] | Coordinates]]], *, crs: CrsInput | None = None, epoch: SupportsFloat | SupportsIndex | FloatScalar | ScalarFloatArray | None = None) -> GeometryArray[MultiPolygon]
```

Create a `GeometryArray` of multipolygons from per-row inputs.

Parameters:

| Name | Type | Description | Default |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| `values` | `sequence` | Each member is a `MultiPolygon` or input accepted by `MultiPolygon`, including `Polygon` members and shell/ring coordinate shorthand. | *required* |
| `crs` | `CRS - like` | CRS applied to every multipolygon. | `None` |
| `epoch` | `numeric scalar or 0-D numeric array` | Coordinate epoch (decimal year) for time-dependent frames. | `None` |

Returns:

| Type | Description |
| --- | --- |
| `GeometryArray` | One `MultiPolygon` per input. |

Raises:

| Type | Description |
| --- | --- |
| `InvalidGeometryError` | If any ring has fewer than three corners or non-finite coordinates. |
| `TypeError` | If a geometry row is not a `MultiPolygon`, or a member is not a `Polygon`. |
| `CRSError` | If `epoch` is set without `crs`, or `crs` is not recognized. |
| `CRSMismatchError` | If geometry rows or multipart members do not share a CRS or epoch. |
| `GeometryError` | If `epoch` is not a finite decimal year. |

Examples:

```pycon
>>> import gometry as gm
>>> gm.multi_polygons([[[[(0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1), (0, 0)]]]]).to_wkt()
['MULTIPOLYGON (((0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0 1, 0 0)))']
```